Quantitative Screening of Cervical Cancers for Low-Resource Settings: Pilot Study of Smartphone-Based Endoscopic Visual Inspection After Acetic Acid Using Machine Learning Techniques

Background: Approximately 90% of global cervical cancer (CC) is mostly found in low- and middle-income countries. In most cases, CC can be detected early through routine screening programs, including a cytology-based test. However, it is logistically difficult to offer this program in low-resource settings due to limited resources and infrastructure, and few trained experts. A visual inspection following the application of acetic acid (VIA) has been widely promoted and is routinely recommended as a viable form of CC screening in resource-constrained countries. Digital images of the cervix have been acquired during VIA procedure with better quality assurance and visualization, leading to higher diagnostic accuracy and reduction of the variability of detection rate. However, a colposcope is bulky, expensive, electricity-dependent, and needs routine maintenance, and to confirm the grade of abnormality through its images, a specialist must be present. Recently, smartphone-based imaging systems have made a significant impact on the practice of medicine by offering a cost-effective, rapid, and noninvasive method of evaluation. Furthermore, computer-aided analyses, including image processing-based methods and machine learning techniques, have also shown great potential for a high impact on medicinal evaluations

Exploring the AI competencies of elementary school teachers in South Korea

Although the importance of K–12 artificial intelligence (AI) education grows, the lack of teacher readiness hinders the integration of AI in schools. To address this issue, this study aimed to explore South Korean elementary school teachers' experiences teaching AI curricula and examine their competencies. A survey and interviews were conducted with 67 elementary school teachers who have been working in AI-leading schools in South Korea. The results indicated that teachers were least confident in content knowledge, followed by technological knowledge and pedagogical knowledge relevant to AI. Additionally, interviews with 13 teachers revealed five themes regarding AI education: (1) emphasizing the importance of instructional design in AI education; (2) redesigning the learning environment to promote learning experiences; (3) lowering teaching anxiety by acknowledging the limitations of content knowledge; (4) extending AI education based on computer science (CS) principles; and (5) acquiring literacy in codes, data, AI technologies, and ethical issues. Based on the findings, 22 AI competencies for elementary school teachers were derived and categorized based on the technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) framework. The competencies provide a practical framework for teachers to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills for AI education. The study contributes to understanding AI teaching practices in South Korea by revealing teachers’ perspectives on and identifying the essential competencies for practicing AI education

Dual channel oblique plane microscopy for slide-free histology

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Myolipoma of Mesentery: A Case Report

Myolipomas are very rare benign lipomatous soft tissue tumors which are usually located in retroperitoneum, abdominal and pelvic cavity, and the abdominal wall. They can be diagnosed histologically by the presence of irregularly admixed mature adipose tissue and smooth muscle fibers. The correct diagnosis of myolipoma is important, because it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of fat-containing lesions of the soft tissue and should follow a benign clinical course despite its frequently large size and deep location. We report here a case of myolipoma arising in the mesentery of the jejunum

Concurrent Gastric Adenocarcinoma of Fundic Gland Type and Carcinoma with Lymphoid Stroma: A Rare Case Report

Both gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type (ADC-FG) and carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, LELC) are relatively rare. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of LELC. However, the pathogenesis of ADC-FG, as well as the role of EBV in the carcinogenesis of LELC, remain unclear and under debate. The current study presents a case of concurrent ADC-FG and LELC in the stomach in a 69-year-old man. Total gastrectomy was performed, and two separate masses were identified. Upon histological and immunohistochemical examination, the mass located in the lower body was determined to be LELC and the mass in the upper body was diagnosed as ADC-FG. The lesions were characterized by different mucin phenotypes and EBV in situ results. In the lower-body mass, EBV in situ hybridization expression was diffusely strongly positive, but MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6, and CD10 were all negative. On the other hand, in the upper-body mass, the results were positive for MUC6 but negative for MUC2, MUC5AC, CD10, and EBV by in situ hybridization. The remaining gastric tissue was unremarkable, and perigastric lymph node metastases were absent. Seven months after the gastrectomy, a postoperative computed tomography scan revealed no recurrence or metastasis

Moxifloxacin-based extended depth-of-field (EDOF) wide-field microscopy with surface tracking for non-invasive examination of conjunctival goblet cells in awake human subjects

Mucin secretive conjunctival goblet cells (CGCs) in the eye play important roles in ocular surface homeostasis by forming the mucous layer of the tear film. CGC information is also an important biomarker for diagnosis because CGC loss or dysfunction is observed in various ocular surface diseases. In this study, we developed moxifloxacin-based extended depth-of-field (EDOF) microscopy with surface tracking for non-invasive CGC imaging in awake human subjects. The system had a DOF of 0.8 mm, a field of view (FOV) of 1.3mm x 1.3mm, and imaging speed of 15 fps. The phase detection method was used for real-time surface tracking. Moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution was topically instilled for CGC labeling. Repeated large area imaging of the same conjunctiva in a human subject was demonstrated. MBFM might have the potential for non-invasive CGC examination in patients.1